Archives: Bibliographies

Title

Influence of simulated climate change and eutrophication on three-spined stickleback populations: a large scale mesocosm experiment

Publication Type

Journal Article

Year of Publication

2010

Authors

Moran R, Harvey I, Moss B, Feuchtmayr H, Hatton K, Heyes T, Atkinson D

Journal

Freshwater Biology

Volume

55

Pagination

315-325

ISBN Number

0046-5070

Keywords

climate change, eutrophication, FISH, lakes, populations, limited thermal tolerance, gasterosteus-aculeatus l, fresh-water, threespine stickleback, species richness, mismatch, Oxygen, match, availability, 3m3, Ness Botanical Gardens, Wirral, UK

Abstract

1. Shallow lakes and their ectothermic inhabitants are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climatic warming. These impacts are likely to depend on nutrient loading, especially if the combination of warming and eutrophication leads to severe hypoxia. 2. To investigate effects of realistic warming and nutrient loading on a fish species with high tolerance of warming and hypoxia, we observed population changes and timing of reproduction of three-spined sticklebacks in 24 outdoor shallow freshwater ecosystems with combinations of temperature (ambient and ambient +4 degrees C) and three nutrient treatments over 16 months. 3. Warming reduced stickleback population biomass by 60% (population size by 76%) and nutrient-addition reduced biomass by about 80% (population size 95%). Nutrients and warming together resulted in extinction of the stickleback populations. These losses were mainly attributed to the increased likelihood of severe hypoxia in heated and nutrient-addition mesocosms. 4. Warming of nutrient-rich waters can thus have dire consequences for freshwater ectotherm populations. The loss even of a hardy fish suggests a precarious future for many less tolerant species in such eutrophic systems under current climate change predictions.

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Date of Published

Feb

Accession Number

WOS:000273602500004

Type of Article

Article

Alternate Journal

Freshw. Biol.

Title

Particulate and dissolved primary production by contrasting phytoplankton assemblages during mesocosm experiments in the R?a de Vigo(NW Spain)

Publication Type

Journal Article

Year of Publication

2010

Authors

Lopez-Sandoval DC, Maranon E, Fernandez A, Gonzalez J, Gasol JM, Lekunberri I, Varela M, Calvo-Diaz A, Anxelu X, Moran G, Alvarez-Salgado XA, Figueira FG

Journal

Journal of Plankton Research

Volume

32

Pagination

1231-1240

ISBN Number

Keywords

phytoplankton, DOC, Ria de Vigo, mesocosm, upwelling, spring bloom, 3.5 m3, Spain

Abstract

We studied the importance of dissolved primary production in a coastal, productiveecosystem in relation to phytoplankton biomass, community structure andproductivity. The photosynthetic production of dissolved organic carbon (DOCp)and particulate organic carbon was determined in mesocosm experiments duringfour contrasting oceanographic periods in the R?´a de Vigo (NW IberianPeninsula). We also determined the size-fractionated chlorophyll a concentrationand primary production, phytoplankton taxonomic composition and bacterial production.Phytoplankton biomass was dominated by the .20 mm size fraction(mostly diatoms), except in winter, when the 2–20 and ,2 mm size fractions (flagellatesand picophytoplankton) increased in importance. The percentage of extracellularrelease (PER) had an average value of 19% and was independent ofoceanographic period, phytoplankton biomass and production, taxonomic compositionand size structure. During phytoplankton blooms, PER increased significantlyfrom 14% in the exponential growth phase to 23% in the senescent phase.Bacterial carbon demand and DOCp were uncoupled, suggesting that other processesin addition to photosynthate exudation contribute most of the labile carbonto fuel bacterial metabolism. Dissolved primary production remains an importantprocess in coastal phytoplankton assemblages throughout the year, irrespective ofsize-structure and community composition, but attaining higher significanceduring the decaying phase of blooms.

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Title

Climate change and the spring bloom: a mesocosm study on the influence of light and temperature on phytoplankton and mesozooplankton

Publication Type

Journal Article

Year of Publication

2010

Authors

Lewandowska A, Sommer U

Journal

Marine Ecology Progress Series

Volume

405

Pagination

101-111

ISBN Number

Keywords

climate change, phytoplankton, spring bloom, mesocosm, Food web, Kiel, Germany, 1.4 m3

Abstract

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Title

Biomass, diversity and production of rocky shore macroalgae at two nutrient enrichment and wave action levels

Publication Type

Journal Article

Year of Publication

2010

Authors

Kraufvelin P, Lindholm A, Pedersen MF, Kirkerud LA, Bonsdorff E

Journal

Marine Biology

Volume

157

Pagination

29-47

ISBN Number

Keywords

mesocosm, Solbergstrand, Oslofjord, Norway, 12 m3, macroalgae, nutrent enrichment

Abstract

The littoral zone of temperate rocky shores isnormally dominated by perennial macroalgae (e.g. Fucus,Ascophyllum, Laminaria), but nutrient enrichment and/orpermanently decreased wave action may lead to structuralcommunity changes from dominance of perennials toincreased amounts of annual opportunistic species (mainlygreen algae). Macroalgal biomass, diversity and productionas well as relationships between the two latter were studiedusing Solbergstrand’s rocky shore mesocosms in SENorway in connection with a long-term experimentalmanipulation of nutrient addition and wave action (high andlow levels of both factors applied in a crossed way to eightoutdoor basins). After more than 2 years of experimentaltreatment, the total standing stock of macroalgae was largerin low nutrient than in high nutrient treatments as well as inhigh wave compared to low wave treatments (in autumnonly). For macroalgal functional groups, bushy and filamentousbrown and filamentous red algae were generallyfavoured by low nutrient concentrations, while annualfilamentous and sheet-like green algae were stimulated bythe nutrient enrichment. There was only one significantinteraction between nutrient enrichment and wave action(for brown filamentous algae in autumn) and also only onesignificant main effect of the wave treatment (for bushybrown algae in autumn). Surprisingly, the high nutrienttreatments supported a higher diversity of macroalgae,whereas the low nutrient treatments generally showedhigher production rates. Moreover, significantly negativecorrelations were found between macroalgal diversity andprimary productivity in both summer and autumn. Thisstudy shows that it is the biological components of thecommunities subjected to external forcing (nutrient additionor decreased wave action) that regulate production and thiscontradicts the common misperception that resource productionin natural systems simply can be fast-forwarded byfertilization. The negative relationships between diversityand productivity, although a consequence of unexpectedresults for diversity and production, are also novel and hinttowards species identities having more important functionalconsequences than general species dominance patterns andthe amount of species per se. These results also emphasisethe context dependency of findings within the field ofbiodiversity and ecosystem functioning.

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Title

Effects of small-scale turbulence on lower trophic levels under different nutrient conditions

Publication Type

Journal Article

Year of Publication

2010

Authors

Iversen K, Primicerio R, Larsen A, Egge JK, Peters F, Guadayol O, Jacobsen A, Havskum H, Marasse C

Journal

Journal of Plankton Research

Volume

32

Pagination

197-208

ISBN Number

Keywords

Turbulence, Food web, Bacteria, phytoplankton, nutrient addition, mesocosm, Bergen, Espegrend, Norway, 2.6 m3

Abstract

Small-scale turbulence affects the pelagic food web and energy flow in marine systemsand the impact is related to nutrient conditions and the assemblage of organismspresent. We generated five levels of turbulence (2*1029 to 1*1024 W kg21) in landbasedmesocosms (volume 2.6 m3) with and without additional nutrients (31:16:1Si:N:P mM) to asses the effect of small-scale turbulence on the lower part of thepelagic food web under different nutrient conditions. The ecological influence ofnutrients and small-scale turbulence on lower trophic levels was quantified usingmultivariate statistics (RDA), where nutrients accounted for 31.8% of the observed biologicalvariation, while 7.2% of the variation was explained by small-scale turbulenceand its interaction with nutrients. Chlorophyll a, primary production rates, bacterialproduction rates and diatom and dinoflagellate abundance were positively correlatedto turbulence, regardless of nutrient conditions. Abundance of autotrophic flagellates,total phytoplankton and bacteria were positively correlated to turbulence only whennutrients were added. Impact of small-scale turbulence was related to nutrient conditions,with implications for oligotrophic and eutrophic situations. The effect on communitylevel was also different compared to single species level. Microbial processesdrive biogeochemical cycles, and nutrient-controlled effects of small-scale turbulenceon such processes are relevant to foresee altered carbon flow in marine systems.

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Title

Ocean acidification and marine trace gas emissions

Publication Type

Journal Article

Year of Publication

2010

Authors

Hopkins FE, Turner SM, Nightingale PD, Steinke M, Bakker D, Liss P

Journal

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Volume

107

Pagination

760-765

ISBN Number

Keywords

Dimethylsulfide, DMS, halocarbons, atmospheric chemistry, climate change, mesocosm, Espegrend, Bergen, Norway, 11 m3

Abstract

The oceanic uptake of man-made CO2 emissions is resulting in ameasureable decrease in the pH of the surface oceans, a processwhich is predicted to have severe consequences formarine biologicaland biogeochemical processes [Caldeira K,WickettME(2003) Nature425:365; The Royal Society (2005) Policy Document 12/05 (Royal Society,London)]. Here, we describe results showing how a doubling ofcurrent atmospheric CO2 affects the production of a suite of atmosphericallyimportant marine trace gases. Two CO2 treatments wereused during a mesocosm CO2 perturbation experiment in a Norwegianfjord (present day: ?380 ppmv and year 2100: ?750 ppmv), andphytoplankton bloomswere stimulated by the addition of nutrients.Seawater trace gas concentrations were monitored over the growthand decline of the blooms, revealing that concentrations of methyliodide and dimethylsulfide were significantly reduced under highCO2. Additionally, large reductions in concentrations of other iodocarbonswere observed. The response of bromocarbons to high CO2was less clear cut. Further research is now required to understandhow ocean acidification might impact on global marine trace gasfluxes and how these impacts might feed through to changes inthe earth’s future climate and atmospheric chemistry.

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Title

Upward phosphorus transport by Daphnia diel vertical migration

Publication Type

Journal Article

Year of Publication

2010

Authors

Haupt F, Stockenreiter M, Reichwaldt ES, Baumgartner M, Lampert W, Boersma M, Stibor H

Journal

Limnology and Oceanography

Volume

55

Pagination

529-534

ISBN Number

0024-3590

Keywords

phytoplankton dynamics, Zooplankton, water, Nutrients, growth, carbon, model, lake, 7.3m3, freshwater, plankton towers, Plon, Germany

Abstract

In many lakes, zooplankton show a distinct diel vertical migration (DVM) behavior, especially during periods of stratification. Excretion products of these zooplankton could potentially cause an upward nutrient transport and consequent nutrient enrichment for phytoplankton in the epilimnion. We quantified the upward transport of phosphorus by the cladoceran Daphnia DVM experimentally by adding a radioactive tracer ((33)P) to the hypolimnion of large indoor mesocosms and measuring tracer accumulation in the epilimnion over time. During the daytime, when all Daphnia were found in the hypolimnion, no phosphorus transport from the hypolimnion into the epilimnion took place. As soon as the Daphnia started their upward migration, around dusk, we observed a continuous increase in phosphorus concentration in the epilimnion. The amount of phosphorus transported was in a biologically meaningful range. Our results strongly suggest that Daphnia vertical migration presents a continuous nutrient supply for the epilimnion.

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Date of Published

Mar

Accession Number

WOS:000276440000006

Type of Article

Article

Alternate Journal

Limnol. Oceanogr.

Title

Production, hatching success and surface ornamentation of eggs of calanoid copepods during a winter at 57°N

Publication Type

Journal Article

Year of Publication

2010

Authors

Hansen BW, Drillet G, Kristensen RM, Sorensen TF, Tottrup MT

Journal

Marine Biology

Volume

157

Pagination

59-68

ISBN Number

Keywords

Calanoid copepods, hatching, egg production, SEM, mesocosm, Limfjord, Denmark, 2000 m3

Abstract

Close to 50 species of marine Calanoid copepodshave been reported to produce diapause eggs (Engeland Hirche in J Plankton Res 26:1083–1093, 2004); eggsthat are viable but require a refractory phase before theyhatch, sometimes after months. Diapause eggs are oftendescribed as morphologically diVerent with respect to eggmembrane ultrastructure and having a thicker egg shellwith surface ornamentation as opposed to the smooth shellfound in subitaneous eggs that hatch within days (Belmontein J Mar Syst 15:35–39, 1998; Chen and Marcus in MarBiol 127:587–597, 1997; Castro-Longoria in Crustaceana74:225–236, 2001). Egg production rates, egg surface ornamentation,and hatching success were monitored in largeaquaculture Wsh enclosures during winter with close to zerowater temperatures (N57°). Surprisingly, all female copepods(Acartia spp.—presumably A. tonsa, and Centropageshamatus) produced eggs all through the winter with noobvious pattern with respect to light, temperature and foodavailability, and no diapause eggs were observed. However,individual females produced several categories of eggs withor without surface spines even within the same egg batch asevidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fouregg categories were distinguishable: ‘no spines’, smootheggs; ‘short spines’, 5–15 m long; ‘truncated spines’, withthe spine tips cut-oV

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Title

Biotic interactions may overrule direct climate effects on spring phytoplankton dynamics

Publication Type

Journal Article

Year of Publication

2010

Authors

Gaedke U, Bauer RM, Wiegand I, Tirok K, Aberle N, Breithaupt P, Lengfellner K, Wohlers J, Sommer U

Journal

Global Change Biology

Volume

16

Pagination

1122-1136

ISBN Number

Keywords

bottom up, climate change, lakes, Light, Plankton, predictions, scenarios, shallow marine systems, simulation model, top down, mesocosm, 14 m3, Kiel, Germany

Abstract

To improve our mechanistic understanding and predictive capacities with respect toclimate change effects on the spring phytoplankton bloom in temperate marine systems,we used a process-driven dynamical model to disentangle the impact of potentiallyrelevant factors which are often correlated in the field. The model was based oncomprehensive indoor mesocosm experiments run at four temperature and three light regimes. It was driven by time-series of water temperature and irradiance, considered edible and less edible phytoplankton separately, and accounted for density-dependent grazing losses. It successfully reproduced the observed dynamics of well edible phytoplanktonin the different temperature and light treatments. Four major factors influenced spring phytoplankton dynamics: temperature, light (cloudiness), grazing, and the success of overwintering phyto- and zooplankton providing the starting biomasses for spring growth. Our study predicts that increasing cloudiness as anticipated for warmer winters for the Baltic Sea region will retard phytoplankton net growth and reduce peak heights. Light had a strong direct effect in contrast to temperature. However, edible phytoplankton was indirectly strongly temperature-sensitive via grazing which was already important in early spring at moderately high algal biomasses and counter-intuitively provoked lower and later algal peaks at higher temperatures. Initial phyto- and zooplankton composition and biomass also had a strong effect on spring algal dynamics indicating a memory effect via the broadly under-sampled overwintering plankton community. Unexpectedly, increased initial phytoplankton biomass did not necessarily lead to earlier or higher spring blooms since the effect was counteracted by subsequentlyenhanced grazing. Increasing temperature will likely exhibit complex indirect effects via changes in overwintering phytoplankton and grazer biomasses and current grazing pressure. Additionally, effects on the phytoplankton composition due to the speciesspecific susceptibility to grazing are expected. Hence, we need to consider not only direct but also indirect effects, e.g. biotic interactions, when addressing climate change impacts.

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Title

Differential effects of warming and nutrient loading on the timing and size of the spring zooplankton peak: an experimental approach with hypertrophic freshwater mesocosms

Publication Type

Journal Article

Year of Publication

2010

Authors

Feuchtmayr H, Moss B, Harvey I, Moran R, Hatton K, Connor L, Atkinson D

Journal

Journal of Plankton Research

Volume

32

Pagination

1715-1725

ISBN Number

Keywords

climate change, mesocosm, temperature, freshwater, Daphnia, Plankton, nitrogen, phosphorus, phenology

Abstract

In shallow lakes, environmental warming and nutrient loading are important influenceson the likelihood of a shift between clear and turbid ecosystem states. Withtemperatures and nutrient runoff predicted to increase within the next decades,climate change poses a threat to lake communities. However, current predictions onthe effect of these environmental factors on the abundance and timing of peak zooplanktonnumbers are based on correlations rather than on experimental isolation ofthermal from other confounding effects. We present results of warming (48C aboveambient) and increased nutrient loading on plankton communities in 48 outdoormesocosms, simulating fishless and hypertrophic ponds. The timing of the chlorophylla peak and crustacean zooplankton peak abundance, dominated by Daphniapulex, responded strongly to temperature and nutrient addition. Daphnia numbers reached peaks 22–24 days earlier in heated than in unheated mesocosms. The chlorophyll a peak abundance advanced by 15–19 days with heating. Phytoplankton, total zooplankton and D. pulex reached peak abundance 12–19 days later when doses of nitrogen and phosphorus were added; this finding contradicts predicted earlier phytoplankton and zooplankton spring peak abundances with nutrient enrichment. Peak zooplankton and D. pulex abundances did not differ with temperature treatment, contrary to our expectations, but peak abundances occurred at similar actual temperatures. Nutrient additions had no effect on the peak zooplankton and D. pulex abundances in our mesocosms. Overall, climate warming is likely to advance plankton phenology in fishless ponds; however, this advance could be dampened in systems with high nutrient oncentration. We found very high zooplankton abundances with warming and high nutrient loadings inducing a clear water state in all our tanks owing to heavy zooplankton grazing despite high nutrient concentrations.

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